Karpathy's 2025 LLM review names RLVR and jagged intelligence as key shifts

Andrej Karpathy's year-in-review lists the LLM paradigm changes he found most notable in 2025.

He highlights Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), which drove most capability gains as labs ran longer RL training, and describes LLM intelligence as jagged, strong in verifiable domains and weak elsewhere.

He also covers Cursor-style LLM apps, Claude Code running on the user's computer, vibe coding, and the case for a visual LLM GUI.